Swimming And Biomechanics Essay Example For Students

Swimming And Biomechanics Essay Natural forces affect the movements of swimmers in water. And it is often useful to know how these forces act. This knowledge will help swimming teachers and coaches analyze swimming skills and assist them to understand how these forces influence movement, so that they can encourage beginners to be better swimmers or good swimmers to achieve there optimum potential. Biomechanics is the branch of science that is concerned with understanding the relationship between a living bodys structure and function relative to movement. In this paper the swimming form of the front crawl stroke will be analyzed, which may result in improvement in the following areas: Improving performance Preventing injury Correcting weaknesses Identifying ways to alter human movement patterns Biomechanics is considered to be the physics of how the body moves. We will write a custom essay on Swimming And Biomechanics specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now When these physical principles are applied to sports skills it becomes an integrated study between the internal forces produced by the body and the naturally occurring external forces that act on the body as skills are executed (Carr, 1997, p4.). Although the final quality of movement will totally depend upon the athletes (swimmers) ability to integrate both internal forces generated by muscular actions with the external forces of gravity, buoyancy, fiction and mass that are present during swimming. When looking at swimming one must first look at how the human body acts and generates forces in water. Water is a unique environment. It possesses qualities that will assist the swimmer, but it also has qualities that will impede the swimmers progress through the water. For instance, the waters density provides a buoyant force for the swimmer, while at the same time providing resistance to the swimmers propulsion (, 1995, p42). Topics to continue with: Main principles and their application Density Water Resistance Skin/Frictional Resistance Frontal/Wave Resistance Eddy/Turbulence Resistance Propulsion Water Friction Propulsive Drag Lift Force Streamlining The main principles and their application of the front crawl stoke Buoyancy Flotation An object that is immersed either totally or partially in water experiences an upward force as the waters density endeavors to stop it from sinking (Maglischo, 1982). This upward force is known as the buoyant force and acts through the center of the displaced water. This force therefore, tends to counteract the effect of gravity and the weight of the object, the net result being that the weight of the object is reduced by the upward force of buoyancy (Costill, 1992). (#Diagram#) Every object has an absolute center position where all forces exerted by the body equal zero. This central point of an objects mass is known as the center of gravity and is the point around which it balances. The center of gravity is approximately 50-52% of an individuals height, as there is an equal spread of mass above and below this point (Allen, 1999). The same can be said for the center of buoyancy, as above and below this point there is an equal spread of volume of the displaced water (Allen, 1999). The location of the center of buoyancy which is the center of the water displaced by the body, is actually closer to the head than in the location of the center of gravity. The reasons for this are: The volume of water displaced has a greater mass then the chest area. The chest has a lower density than the water because of its lung capacity. Therefore the upward force of buoyancy acts thought a point higher up the body than the center of gravity (Costill, 1992). (#Diagram#) (I may need to include more?) (And relate it back to the front crawl?) Density The term specific gravity is used to describe the ratio between an objects density to that of waters density. Pure water density being the reference point having a specific gravity of 1.00 (Carr, 1997, p67). Therefore anything placed in water will float or sink in accordance to its own specific gravity value. Anything greater than 1.00, will sink. .u43cda09f80a70a3e0be3d5728fda7098 , .u43cda09f80a70a3e0be3d5728fda7098 .postImageUrl , .u43cda09f80a70a3e0be3d5728fda7098 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u43cda09f80a70a3e0be3d5728fda7098 , .u43cda09f80a70a3e0be3d5728fda7098:hover , .u43cda09f80a70a3e0be3d5728fda7098:visited , .u43cda09f80a70a3e0be3d5728fda7098:active { border:0!important; } .u43cda09f80a70a3e0be3d5728fda7098 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u43cda09f80a70a3e0be3d5728fda7098 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u43cda09f80a70a3e0be3d5728fda7098:active , .u43cda09f80a70a3e0be3d5728fda7098:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u43cda09f80a70a3e0be3d5728fda7098 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u43cda09f80a70a3e0be3d5728fda7098 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u43cda09f80a70a3e0be3d5728fda7098 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u43cda09f80a70a3e0be3d5728fda7098 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u43cda09f80a70a3e0be3d5728fda7098:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u43cda09f80a70a3e0be3d5728fda7098 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u43cda09f80a70a3e0be3d5728fda7098 .u43cda09f80a70a3e0be3d5728fda7098-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u43cda09f80a70a3e0be3d5728fda7098:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Media analyse two adverts Essay While anything less than 1.00 will float. In the human body there is variation from person to person, this is due to the amount of air in ones lungs and the percentage of bone, muscle and fat, which all vary in their own individual masses. Both bone and muscle are heavier than fat. From this information one can assume that a lean and muscular body or one with a heavy bone structure, will not float as well as one that is the opposite. (Chart #1. ) Relationship between Specific Gravity Body Composition Studies have shown that: in general, the specific gravity of women will . Swimming And Biomechanics Essay Example For Students Swimming And Biomechanics Essay Natural forces affect the movements of swimmers in water. And it is often useful to know how these forces act. This knowledge will help swimming teachers and coaches analyze swimming skills and assist them to understand how these forces influence movement, so that they can encourage beginners to be better swimmers or good swimmers to achieve there optimum potential. Biomechanics is the branch of science that is concerned with understanding the relationship between a living bodys structure and function relative to movement. In this paper the swimming form of the front crawl stroke will be analyzed, which may result in improvement in the following areas: Improving performance Preventing injury Correcting weaknesses Identifying ways to alter human movement patterns ;Biomechanics is considered to be the physics of how the body moves. We will write a custom essay on Swimming And Biomechanics specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now When these physical principles are applied to sports skills it becomes an integrated study between the internal forces produced by the body and the naturally occurring external forces that act on the body as skills are executed (Carr, 1997, p4.);. Although the final quality of movement will totally depend upon the athletes (swimmers) ability to integrate both internal forces generated by muscular actions with the external forces of gravity, buoyancy, fiction and mass that are present during swimming. When looking at swimming one must first look at how the human body acts and generates forces in water. ;Water is a unique environment. It possesses qualities that will assist the swimmer, but it also has qualities that will impede the swimmers progress through the water. For instance, the waters density provides a buoyant force for the swimmer, while at the same time providing resistance to the swimmers propulsion (, 1995, p42);. Topics to continue with: Main principles and their application Density Water Resistance Skin/Frictional Resistance Frontal/Wave Resistance Eddy/Turbulence Resistance Propulsion Water Friction Propulsive Drag Lift Force Streamlining The main principles and their application of the front crawl stoke Buoyancy ; Flotation An object that is immersed either totally or partially in water experiences an upward force as the waters density endeavors to stop it from sinking (Maglischo, 1982). This upward force is known as the buoyant force and acts through the center of the displaced water. This force therefore, tends to counteract the effect of gravity and the weight of the object, the net result being that the weight of the object is reduced by the upward force of buoyancy (Costill, 1992). (#Diagram#) Every object has an absolute center position where all forces exerted by the body equal zero. This central point of an objects mass is known as the center of gravity and is the point around which it balances. ;The center of gravity is approximately 50-52% of an individuals height, as there is an equal spread of mass above and below this point (Allen, 1999);. The same can be said for the center of buoyancy, as above and below this point there is an equal spread of volume of the displaced water (Allen, 1999). The location of the center of buoyancy which is the center of the water displaced by the body, is actually closer to the head than in the location of the center of gravity. The reasons for this are: The volume of water displaced has a greater mass then the chest area. The chest has a lower density than the water because of its lung capacity. Therefore the upward force of buoyancy acts thought a point higher up the body than the center of gravity (Costill, 1992). (#Diagram#) (I may need to include more?) (And relate it back to the front crawl?) Density The term specific gravity is used to describe the ratio between an objects density to that of waters density. ;Pure water density being the ;reference point; having a specific gravity of 1.00 (Carr, 1997, p67);. Therefore anything placed in water will float or sink in accordance to its own specific gravity value. Anything greater than 1.00, will sink. .ue6aaf8170da00ed5e5b320146eba9df6 , .ue6aaf8170da00ed5e5b320146eba9df6 .postImageUrl , .ue6aaf8170da00ed5e5b320146eba9df6 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue6aaf8170da00ed5e5b320146eba9df6 , .ue6aaf8170da00ed5e5b320146eba9df6:hover , .ue6aaf8170da00ed5e5b320146eba9df6:visited , .ue6aaf8170da00ed5e5b320146eba9df6:active { border:0!important; } .ue6aaf8170da00ed5e5b320146eba9df6 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue6aaf8170da00ed5e5b320146eba9df6 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue6aaf8170da00ed5e5b320146eba9df6:active , .ue6aaf8170da00ed5e5b320146eba9df6:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue6aaf8170da00ed5e5b320146eba9df6 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue6aaf8170da00ed5e5b320146eba9df6 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue6aaf8170da00ed5e5b320146eba9df6 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue6aaf8170da00ed5e5b320146eba9df6 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue6aaf8170da00ed5e5b320146eba9df6:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue6aaf8170da00ed5e5b320146eba9df6 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue6aaf8170da00ed5e5b320146eba9df6 .ue6aaf8170da00ed5e5b320146eba9df6-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue6aaf8170da00ed5e5b320146eba9df6:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: AGRICULTURE Essay While anything less than 1.00 will float. In the human body there is variation from person to person, this is due to the amount of air in ones lungs and the percentage of bone, muscle and fat, which all vary in their own individual masses. Both bone and muscle are heavier than fat. From this information one can assume that a lean and muscular body or one with a heavy bone structure, will not float as well as one that is the opposite. (Chart #1. ) Relationship between Specific Gravity Body Composition Studies have shown that: in general, the specific gravity of women will .

Julian the Apostate and Fall of Paganism

Julian the Apostate and Fall of Paganism When the Roman Emperor Julian (Flavius Claudius Julianus) came to power, Christianity was less popular than polytheism, but when Julian, a pagan (in contemporary usage) known as the Apostate, was killed in battle, it was the end of Roman official acceptance of polytheism. Although paganism was popular, Julians practice was more ascetic than normal pagan practices, which may be why paganism failed when the Apostate reinstated it. From  Gore Vidals  Julian: Julian has always been something of an underground hero in Europe. His attempt to stop Christianity and revive Hellenism exerts still a romantic appeal. When the Roman emperor Julian the Apostate, died in Persia, his supporters failed to maintain support for paganism as the official state religion. It wasnt called paganism at the time, but was known as Hellenism and is sometimes referred to Hellenistic paganism. Instead of the ancient religion returning to the Roman Empire, the popular Emperor Constantines Christianity re-emerged as the dominant one. This seems odd since Christianity wasnt as popular among the people as Hellenism, so scholars have searched Julians life and administration for clues to why the apostasy (which means the standing away from [Christianity]) failed. Julian (born A.D. 332), the nephew of the first Christian emperor, Constantine, was trained as a Christian, yet he is known as an apostate because when he became emperor (A.D. 360) he opposed Christianity. In The Demise of Paganism, James J. ODonnell suggests that the emperors particularly vehement stance against Christianity (and support for the other monotheistic religion, Judaism) stems from his Christian upbringing. Julians Intolerance Although any such generalization is hazardous, pagans of the time generally held religion to be a private matter, while Christians behaved strangely in trying to convert others to their faith. They claimed that Salvation made possible through Jesus was the only true belief. In the wake of the Nicene Council, Christian leaders condemned all who failed to believe in the prescribed manner. To be a pagan in the old tradition, Julian should have let everyone worship as he or she wished. Instead of letting each person worship in his own way, Julian stripped the Christians of their privileges, powers, and rights. And he did so from their own perspective: the intolerant attitude that ones private religion is of public concern. From The Demise of Paganism: In summary, it is necessary to look upon the religious sociology of the fourth century with two separate (if often, and confusingly, overlapping) distinctions in mind: that between worshippers of Christ and worshippers of other gods; and that between men who could accept a plurality of worships and those who insisted on the validity of a single form of religious experience to the exclusion of all others. Julians Elitism Other writers say the failure of Julian to reintegrate Hellenistic paganism into the framework of Roman society came from his inability to make it popular and his insistence that true understanding is impossible to the average mortal, but is reserved for philosophers. Another important factor was that the Christian creeds were far more unified than paganism. Paganism wasnt a single religion and adherents to different gods did not necessarily support each other.   The panoply of religious experience in the Roman world before Constantine was simply bewildering: from back-yard fertility rites through public, state-supported cults to the mystical ascents of which Platonic philosophers wrote with such devotion- and everything between, over, under, and all around such phenomena. There were public cults indigenous to the various parts of the empire, certain generally (if often lukewarmly) accepted devotions such as that to the divinity of the emperors, and a vast array of private enthusiasms. That such a spectrum of religious experiences should produce a single-minded population capable of forming itself into a single pagan movement with which Christianity could struggle is simply not probable. Lack of a Powerful Pagan Successor to Julian In 363, when Julian died, he was succeeded by Jovian, a Christian, at least nominally, instead of the obvious choice, Julians praetorian prefect, the moderate polytheist, Saturninius Secundus Salutius. Secundus Salutius didnt want the job even though it meant continuing Julians mission. Paganism was diverse and tolerant of this diversity. Secundus Salutius didnt share the late emperors parochial attitudes or specific beliefs. No other pagan emperor came to power before the Roman state outlawed pagan practices. Even so 1,700 years later, we continue to be predominantly a Christian society in terms of our beliefs, it may have been the pagan attitude of religious tolerance that prevailed. Sources and Further References Ch.23, Part I of Gibbons The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire.Julians Pagan Revival and the Decline of Blood Sacrifice, by Scott Bradbury;  Phoenix Vol. 49, No. 4 (Winter, 1995), pp. 331-356.