Leadership Comparison: Vijay Mallaya and Bill Gates

Leadership Comparison: Vijay Mallaya and Bill Gates When we think about leadership, a range of thoughts cross our mind: The leader as a hero or a great man who accomplishes a major goal against all odds for his/her followers or a leader as a rare and charismatic individual with extra-ordinary qualities and a grand vision. In fact, according to some scholars, the history of the world is the history of great men. The great-man theory of leadership continues to be of popular interest to showcase individual leadership in the political and corporate world. Leadership was based on the study of people who are already great leaders. These people awere often from the aristocracy, as few from low classes had the opportunity to lead. This contributed from the notation that leadership something to do with breeding. We all recognize that some of the greatest leaders known to humanity have been the founders of various religions. The Buddha, Confucius, Jesus Christ, and Prophet Mohammad are fine examples of religious leadership. On the other hand, Alexander the Great, Chenghiz Khan and Napoleon Bonaparte, for instance, exemplify Individual leadership includes living in quality and balance, the way your personal values, understand responsibility of their lives, living with a sense of purpose and moving towards a personal vision. Personal leadership is a fundamental of all the leadership contexts, the basic meaning is, if youre not able to lead yourself efficiently, youll be not able to lead others effectively. All leaders need to manage team variables, manage team system and personalities, in a way that motivate each team member, to put efforts according to their unique abilities. Great team leaders build teams consisting of individuals, where each ones strengths compensates for anothers weakness, making an aligned high performance team. Building upon the team leadership practice, Leadership builds alignment between team members, making sure the successful completion of strategy. The practice of leadership is basically about making alignment, improving strategies, staying alert and focused communication and making inter personal relationships. I understand that in best quality business unit, leadership is necessary to ensure the successful execution of corporate strategies. Where there are not very fine and specific characteristics that define a leader, there are a many qualities of leadership that are valuable in leaders.All these may include commitment, integrity, honesty, sincerity, humility, courage, passion, confidence, positivity, wisdom, determination, compassion, sensitivity, and personal charisma. These are not all the things that leader may possess, but they turn out to be some of the qualities of a leader and are often shown by their actions. It is seen leadership is mostly about behavior, and this behavior will never be different from others without acting on innovative ideas.Innovation is the only way to challenge difficulties. We always believed that a great leader is able to shift and motivate others from a static life to one of great variably changing views, beliefs and values. All these changes eventually lead to actions which are what leadership is thriving to change! Styles of leadership Efficient leaders bother not only about whether they looser win, but even about how they proffered to play the game. Finally, the personal choice that we always and must make about is whether to engage ones mind that of authority or that of leadership can tell our own career future as well as people around around us. Its been seen the famous industrialist emphasize the difference between the authoritative and nurturing leadership styles as the hard and soft components of management. They thrive on a leading process by an exercise of combining analysis and comprehension of the matters present and future. Leaders judge challenges but they will never turn challenges into fears. They maximize opportunity but will never turn opportunity into adventure. They have a total knowledge of thin line between risk and reward as they push ahead towards prosperity and progress. Styles (htt2) Good leaders will use all three styles depending on all situations with only a minor difference to their natural style. Poor leaders will generally stick with one style and not adjust for different situations limiting their influence greatly and it can be one out of these. Autocratic Participative Free reign Authoritarian style where are decisions are centralized as in dictatorship. No suggestion and advises are entertain or encouraged. It is a successful and practiced to provide strong motivations to managers in any organization. The outcomes are quick decision making as there is only one person to make decisions for ever one and it is retained to himself unless he feels the need to be shared. Democratic style is a style contrary to the above one. Here this style favors decision making by group as in leaders generates instructions after a consulting a group or group of professional. They can seek co-operation from a group or professional and motivate them by their involvement in goals. The outcomes of the democratic leader are not serotype as with the autocrat because they arise from consultation with the group members and participation by them. Free rein style a free reign leader will lead by leaving the decesions to its co-workers and subordinates i.e., they are providing a freedom deciding their own way of doing things and policies. Different scenario style can be applied in different situations. In an emergency where there is little time an autocratic style is best suitable however in a motivated and homogenous team democratic would be more suitable. The practice of organizational leadership includes developing plan and direction, pointing changes and managing cultural transformation. Organizational leadership is important to manage the fit between the external, variable marketplace and the internal companys processes to develop organizational resilience. The following is my list of the characteristics of a good leader: (htt1) Vision leaders must have a good and clear vision. They must believe in them self and can motivate people in believing and following them. There vision for things is what it could be not what they are. Wise leaders have to go for critical calls are difficult points. A leader has to be wise and knowledgeable in order to make a correct call for a successful organization. They are strategic, wise and perceptive. Passionate good leaders are very passionate aabout their work and people. There obsession makes them entirely focused on what they do it may be sports hobby or business. They operate in a high level of passion that they get totally consumed in it. Compassionate good leaders have compassion for the people, employs and supporters. While these leaders have goals to accomplish, they consistently care for the individuals that support them. They are not selfish and have hear for people they follow. Charismatic most good leaders are charming and they draw the attention of the people by the way they talk and the way they carry themselves. They are excellent in building relations and maintaining them. Persistent they have strong will power towards their goal. They anticipate the problem towards their goals. They see that the advantage of attaining their goals is larger than that of the problems that occurred. This makes them intensely persistent individuals. Great communicators they are comfortable in public speaking and inspiring. They are great orator and persuaders. Integrity good leaders mean there words what they say. They dont play political games. Daring they are bold. A great leader saidcourage is the virtue on which all virtue rest on. Winston Churchill. Disciplined Most good leaders are very controlled in their goals. Where most would be simply distracted, good leaders discipline their minds to keep focused and steady regardless of the situation. In my opinion two great business leaders are VIJAY MALLAYA (htt4) Call him The king of good times or the liquor Baron, this charismatic personalitys name is a complete introduction in itself. Story his life narrates countries, time zones, cars and careers. He says and believes in living the life-king size. His strong vision and guts to take on difficult and new challenges in life always gave him an image of great leader over other business leaders and tycoons. He is the person who changed the common view about a multi-national company. Referred to as Indias Richard Branson. A great part of the personality of the Kingfisher brand is based on Mallyas personality. He is considers to been an ethical leader. He is honored for having alone changed the image of his beer from a commodity to a new lifestyle brand. The Kingfisher commands a 29% share of the beer market in India and is sold in over 52 countries Vijay Mallya is considered to be a flamboyant CEO of United Breweries -that owns the Kingfisher brand is one of the most flamboyant CEOs in Asia. He has built a reputation for spending extravagantly his money in the public trusts. Even he is seen as a vary parotic person. He won the bid of the Kohinoor diamond in England, which is worth of millions of dollars and donated it to the Indian government. His mission statement reflects all of the leadership style mentioned above in this article. Mission Statement from the Tycoon We constitute a large, global group based in India. We associate with world leaders in order to adopt technologies and processes that will enable a leadership position in a large spectrum of activities. We are focused on assuming leadership in all our target markets. We seek to be the most preferred employer wherever we operate. We recognize that our organization is built around people who are our most valuable asset. We will always be the partner of choice for customers, suppliers and other creators of innovative concepts. We will continually increase the long-term value of our Group for the benefit of our shareholders. We will operate as a decentralized organization and allow each business to develop within our stated values. We will be a major contributor to our National Economy and take full advantage of our strong resource base. We commit ourselves to the ongoing mission of achieving Scientific Excellence BILL GATES (htt7) From Microsofts founding in 1975 until 2006, Gates had primary responsibility for the companys product strategy. He enthusiastically broadened the companys range of products, and he carried Microsoft in all the hard and critical times very finely. As an executive, Gates kept consisting meetings with Microsofts senior managers and department managers. It is often seen him interrupting the presentations with comments such as, Thats the stupidest thing Ive ever heard! and, Why dont you just give up your options and join the Peace Corps? The intentions of his behavior then had to defend the proposal in detail until, hopefully, he was fully satisfied. When subordinates appeared to be procrastinating, he used sarcasm as his tool, Ill do it over the weekend. In 2006, Gates announced that he would change his day-to-day role over the next two years and to dedicate more time to philanthropy. Why bill gates (htt5) Focus: He has shown over nearly 30 years the vitality of clarity of thought and execution. Thinking big: Together with focus, the capability to dream big and carry it with single-minded determination, keep him apart from other leaders and entrepreneurs. Passion: Simple way of doing things. If anything is worth doing, it is worth doing well. From a simple thank you note to a complex proposal, it is important to do with excellence on whatever it takes. Learning as a life-long process: although he dropped out college while pursuing to his dreams, he has probably read and written much more than most of us ever will. Giving back to society: The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation has provided a new dimension to philanthropy by addressing issues that are global in nature malaria, cancer, AIDS. Part B Poor Communication by senior management: Poor communication brings ineffective work culture and the employees can be distracted from goals. Managements expectation would be different from what an employee would understand. This will draw a strained relationship between an employee and an employer. Office politics: Different people have different state of mind. Most of them who are skillful workers dont want to indulge in any kind of politics. Forced to do that result in inefficient work which brings frustration in employee and employer too. Lack of team work: every member of a team has a task assigned to achieve a single goal. If any member of team lack in his work, it can affect the whole team. This can create a friction among team member in an organization. The use of politically correct language: the use of informal language can be offensive to some of them. It may not be appropriate at places where people from different culture are working. If people in an organization will not have good will among others, it can end up frustrating some of the colleges. Nosy co-workers: back biting and sneaking into other peoples work is a frustration for most of the employees. Employees will be uncomfortable to work and it will bring uneasiness among them. BIBLOGRAPHY (n.d.). Retrieved from http://learnthis.ca/2009/01/leadership-understanding-what-it-is/ (n.d.). Retrieved from http://hubpages.com/hub/Good-Leadership-10-Characteristics-Good-Leader (n.d.). Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leadership (n.d.). Retrieved from http://rajesshcherian.wordpress.com/2008/11/25/dr-vijay-mallya-journey-of-an-entrepreneur-to-business-tycoon/ (n.d.). Retrieved from http://rajesshcherian.wordpress.com/2008/11/25/dr-vijay-mallya-journey-of-an-entrepreneur-to-business-tycoon/ (n.d.). Retrieved from http://blogs.hbr.org/krishnamurthy/2008/06/bill-gates-entrepreneur-manage.html http://www.spp.nus.edu.sg/docs/events/2005/Seminar_Vinayak_Rao_Paper.pdf

Motivation and Hygiene as Issues of Control Essay

Economics is usually considered a basically quantitative affair: numbers, charts graphs. It is rare that professional economists remember that there are real people under those pompous numbers, real communities and families who suffer if times get bad. Frederick Herzberg’s (1959) two level theory on worker satisfaction, while not specifically from the field of economics, is important in rectifying this imbalance: in general, Herzberg’s theory of motivation and hygiene is a qualitative set of ideas that speak not merely of numbers, efficiency and production, but also the qualitative nature of worker satisfaction and reward which is far more important than anything the numbers suggest. This paper will deal with a few ideas related to employee control and ownership over business and its relation to Herzberg’s variables in terms of worker satisfaction. First, the nature of the theory itself. Herzberg deals with the concepts of worker satisfaction through both motivation and hygiene. The former deals primarily with questions of satisfaction through what is to come: promotion, recognition, rewards, increases in pay. The latter is more quantitative, but still of immense qualitative importance: basic job security, good work environment and the expectation of future satisfaction (Herzberg, 1959). Herzberg’s findings show, insofar as immediate causality is concerned, that the former are key to satisfaction on the job. The latter are important, but only indirectly, they do not (in themselves) lead to any sense of job satisfaction, but any qualitative lowering of these variables can lead to substantial dissatisfaction. However this is stated, they are both of immense importance. Second, this paper must deal with the present economic crisis. The issues here involve the increasing debt of the American economy, as well as the American state. The present economic crisis can be summarized by the extension of credit far beyond the economy’s ability to repay. But this extension of credit came into existence in order to absorb excess production, as well as maintain America’s central role in the global economy as the â€Å"world’s marketplace.† All of this has led to an explosion of public and private debt, massive foreclosures, bankruptcy and, most important, a major threat to the integrity of the American dollar and America’s role in the world economy. As of 2009, this has meant that the US economy is in a period of contraction, as firms no longer have the ability to extend credit with any sense of the possibility of being repaid. Once the banks got the jitters over this, they sent signals throughout the economy that confirmed the contraction of credit: the lifeblood the modern economy for better or for worse, especially in the real estate market. Debt artificially inflated prices (including stocks), leading to an overvaluation far beyond the actual value of the commodities.   But, since the US market is the world’s largest and the savings rate the lowest, there is little to cushion such a accumulation of debt, and hence, it affected America’s major trading partners as well, leading to a global recession and indeed, depression. Now, third, the remainder of this paper will deal with the relation between Herzberg’s two level theory and the present depression. Unfortunately, this is where things get depressing, and the economists obsession with numbers that don’t have personalities start to make sense. Let us begin with the first level, that of motivators: Since, in general, this depression is based on the massive and irrational expansion of credit (and hence, debt), debt must be the first issue in dealing with motivators. If one has run up credit card debt and has seen the interest rate shoot up as banks seek to make up lost ground, the issue of default is a real one. This develops as a negative motivating factor that will not be made up anytime soon. One sees himself as laboring harder and harder while unable to keep up even with the interest in various debts: credit cards, homes, cars and luxuries such as entertainment systems. But just as important, if one is working just to finance debt, one can not also help but notice the fact that class differences in the western world are getting sharper and sharper. The wealthy classes can weather such storms, and in fact, may benefit from them, seeing their smaller competitors go into receivership. Hence, the first positive motivating factor is for class divisions to be reduced: the wealthy, whose practices helped bring the current crisis about, need to begin assisting labor in the payment of debts. While high profile cases such as Bill Gates and Warren Buffett giving billions to their own charities that reflect their personal and corporate ideological positions, none of this high profile giving assists the rank and file laborer. It is possible that substantial profit sharing and employee ownership of businesses should be mandatory and guaranteed by the state in exchange for worker loyalty. The question of employee ownership (hence, disenfranchising the major stock holders) is an important one given the confines of Herzberg’s theory of motivators, since such an approach will provide a certain emotional boost, as well as solve the problem of employee recognition and promotion. Employee ownership and employee direction of business is essential to assist workers in paying debts and increasing job satisfaction, since they will be working for themselves. Jobs should become careers rather than merely slaving for a living. Giving workers a say in the day to day running of business and a financial stake in the firm itself is essential for increasing productivity. It will certainly come at the expense of the upper classes, but it is these classes that have benefitted from the long standing extension of credit that has fueled the western economic bubble.

Number of people

Over the course of the unit, we have used a wide range of interpersonal skills and communication techniques to communicate with our teams. These skills are useful if used correctly, but can also be detrimental to group work when they are overused or misused. Knowing how these skills work is vital for working well in a team situation and producing good work.Interpersonal Skills Verbal Exchanges: Signing, Lip Reading Verbal exchanges are possibly the most important part of working in a team. By talking to your team members, you can communicate about the current task and learn about the thoughts and ideas of the other people in your team. This is the most common way Of communicating as it is quick and easy. Lip reading and signing can also be used for people who have trouble hearing, although signing requires an understanding of sign language from both parties, which means that it is less likely to be an effective way of communicating.Although it is a good way to communicate, there is a danger of people going off topic and not focusing on the task at hand when they are talking to others in their group. Written messages can be used instead, which allows the team to write out their ideas in a clear and concise way, without veering off topic. Nonverbal Exchanges: Body Language and Intonation On the other end of the spectrum from verbal language, there is nonverbal language. The most common form of this is known as body language and in some cases, can be as useful and informative as verbal cues.Body language describes how a person moves and acts when they are addressing someone. By studying body language, you can assess the attitudes of people in your group, which allows you to change topic when they start to become bored, which will increase the level of information that is passed through the group. This can also be bad if a team member is displaying negative body language such as crossed arms, as it will make the rest of the team less likely to talk to them. Nonverb al communication can also be observed through the attire that someone wears.If someone walks into an important team meeting with inappropriate clothing, it shows that they may not take the meeting seriously and do not feel the need to dress appropriately. Proper clothing can make the rest of the team more inclined to listen to you as you will look more prepared. Intonation is the way that someone speaks to express their thoughts more clearly. This can be simple pauses before words for effect, or increasing and decreasing the pitch of their voice. This is an important tool for effectively broadcasting your views about a particular subject.It is also useful if you are the team leader, as it helps to make your voice more interesting and memorable to the people you are speaking to. While this is useful, it can also be unhelpful when negative Intonation is used, such as using sarcastic comments in response to an idea. Positive and Negative Language Positive language is language that is h elpful or constructive, and helps the team work together. This language can be used to critique a person's work without making them feel like their work is being dismissed unfairly.Examples of positive language can be saying things like â€Å"This is a good piece of work, but it needs to be amended slightly. † Negative language is the opposite of positive language. It is often unnecessarily mean to the receiver and so is usually less helpful, as the person is less likely to take on the criticism. If a group has too much negative communication, it means that they ill be less likely to work well in the group and perform to their best standards. To some people, what is seen as simple criticism can come across as negative, especially when the subject is something personal or something that they have worked hard on.It is important to be careful about what language you are using, but you may have to use a combination of positive and negative language in order to correctly express y our opinions of the team work. Active Engagement: Nodding, Summarizing, Paraphrasing Active Engagement is the use of positive, engaging learning techniques in order to help the people you are working with get more involved and remember more than they would in other situations. This type of interaction is helpful in keeping the ideas four team fresh and flowing, which in turn helps to promote friendly behavior and team working within the group.While beneficial, too much active engagement can lead to the lesson becoming distracting, causing the core information to be lost. For active engagement to be effective, it must be used in moderation so that it does not become so energetic that it is confusing. Barriers: Background Noise, Distractions, Loss of Interest Barriers are common in all areas of work, be it teamwork or individual work. Barriers are things that directly affect the amount of information that you can process. All of these interpersonal skills can become barriers to commun ication if they are used extensively or wrongly.Other barriers can include distraction caused by loud noises or interesting things happening nearby, or mental barriers that are caused by stress or emotional problems. In every area of work, there will be barriers that have to be overcome. These barriers can be exacerbated by other team members, but can also be overcome easier with others to keep the group on track. Examples of overcoming barriers could include taking a short team break when everyone becomes tired and unresponsive.This lets the team process the information so that they can remember it more effectively, and allows them to release some energy so that they don't become a distraction to others. Types of Questioning: Open, Closed, Probing, Speed Of Response Questions can come in two main forms: Closed and open. Closed questions are ones that can be answered with a simple, short sentence, whereas open questions require a more in depth answer. An example of a closed question could be ‘Meal it sunny yesterday? , while an open question would be â€Å"What did you think of the sunny weather yesterday? Both types of question are good in different ways. Closed questions allow you to get definite, concise information from the answerer. Open questions make it easier to assess the answerers attitude and thoughts behind the topic. Open questions are also good in that they can be used to enter a discussion which stops your team members from becoming bored, like they would if you had just asked closed questions. Communicating In Writing Guidelines Guidelines are sets of rules that dictate how you should write a particular piece of work.For example, a set of guidelines for a piece of writing intended for children may say that it has to be simple and easy to understand, whereas a piece for people of a higher age may need to be more informative and contain more complex language. Guidelines are good as they give users a clear idea Of how the work should be wri tten so as to convey the message to the highest standard. Emoticons Emoticons are representations of facial expressions made by using symbols on the keyboard (E. G. L) Emoticons are generally informal and are used to indicate the tone of the intended message.In a team environment, emoticons re not generally necessary, and can disrupt the main information in a message if they are overused. Grammar Grammar refers to how sentences are constructed using the proper syntax. Grammar is important in any area of work as it makes your work easier to understand and makes you appear more prepared and knowledgeable. Spelling Spelling is an important part Of any type of work that you do. Good spelling allows your work to be easily read and understood, as well as making you appear more professional.Good spelling also means that you will have to spend less time getting your team members to correct your work and you can Ochs on more important tasks. The need for good spelling is diminished if you sp eak to your teammates in person, but there will always be work that will have to be copied down, making good spelling a vital part of group work. Structure Structure relates to how writing is laid out in a piece of work. Good structure allows people to follow your work easily, as well as quickly jump to the parts that they need in the writing.Structure can be improved by the use of contents pages, which clearly show what topics are covered in each paragraph. When compiling lots of pieces of team work from different authors, good structure can make save lots Of time by reducing the amount Of time taken sorting through random pages trying to find the right piece of work. Identifying Relevance Relevance is how connected something is to the main topic. By identifying how relevant pieces of work are, you can reduce the amount of time put into researching things that aren't important to the topic as a whole.Identifying relevance can sometimes be hard, as something that is deemed irrelevan t at one point can actually become more important later on. By using techniques such as underlining and highlighting, you can easily ensure that important acts are clearly shown to the reader. Another way of doing this is to completely cut any relevant information and place it into small notes. This way may be effective, but can be risky if you end up cutting some information that later turns out to be important. Proofreading Proofreading is the process of overlooking work thou have written and checking it for any mistakes.By proofreading work before you send it to someone else, you reduce the risk of sending them something that might not make sense, or may give them incorrect or misleading information. Proofreading your own work can be hard, as you are more likely to skim over ND miss any small errors that someone else may catch. Proofreading can be made more efficient by getting someone else to read your work and check for mistakes, leaving the work for at least a day before proof reading so your brain can treat it as a new piece of writing, or reading the work slower than usual and out loud which will help to catch any mistakes that you may have made.Alternative Viewpoints An alternate viewpoint is research that comes from a source that is different from your own. An alternate viewpoint can come in the form of a document that you get from the internet or from collaboration with a co-worker over a ice of work. Getting many alternate viewpoints is important to ensure that your work is not biased or factually Inaccurate. When referencing other people's work in your own, it is important to clearly distinguish where one person's viewpoint begins and another person's ends, and to correctly credit the author of the alternate viewpoint.Note Taking Note taking is a good tool for team working as it allows other members of your team to tell you what could be done better or what needs to be changed. A good way to take notes is electronically, using software such as Micr osoft Word. This lets you write and erase notes easily, as well as send updated copies to other people for fast collaboration. Most people use hard copies, where a single physical copy of the work is handed around and people write on the work directly.This approach can be quicker if it is being handed to a small number of people, but note taking electronically makes it easier to assess and change. Capitalization Capitalization is mostly used at the start of sentences and nouns such as England or Mark. When writing abbreviation, capital letters are also used, such as in ELK. Capitalization can also be used to display emotion when writing message, usually in the form of capitalistic every letter of a word to indicate shouting.Shouting in writing is generally thought of as negative and unprofessional, so should be avoided for more important letters. Team review Assessment think that I performed well in my team review meetings and my one-to-one tutorial target setting sessions. I used p ositive language verbal exchanges with my team members to accurately discern how we worked as a group. Think that I could have used more open questions to gain a better insight into what other people in my team thought about the work that we did.

Aspects of the Mayan Culture Essay - 573 Words

Class structure, warfare, family life, religious practices, and agriculture are all aspects of the Maya’s culture. There are three main periods during the Maya’s time. Pre-classic, classic, and post-classic. The Maya accomplished the most during the classic period. Later on the Maya disappeared and scientist only have a couple of theories on what happened. The first aspect of the Maya’s culture is their class structure. At the top is the ruler. The ruler and his family had all the authority. The priests and the nobles came next. They were the only people who knew how to read and write. Priests would worship the gods to keep their favor. Below them were the merchants and artisans. The merchants made various goods and would either trade†¦show more content†¦They believed in over 160 gods. Their primary gods were forces in nature such as the sun and the rain. They offered many items to the gods such as plants, food, flowers, feathers, jade, and shells. They believed that the gods prefered blood sacrifices. The Maya would kill animals to please their gods. They would even sacrifice humans for their gods. They usually sacrificed nobles and warriors they captured at war. They would even sacrifice slaves and orphans. These practices were important to the mayya because they wanted to please their gods. The last important aspect of the Maya’s culture is agriculture. The Maya grew four main crops; corn, beans, squash, and chili peppers. The Maya had a large civilization so they used three techniques to help them grow more crops. The slash and burn technique was used when there was a lot of vegetation. They would cut and burn the vegetation until there was a clear spot to grow their crops. The terrace technique was used in mountney places. They would cut a stair-like design into a side of a mountain. This allowed them to grow their crops on the flat areas. The final technique was raised-earth platforms. They used this technique in wate ry places. They would create a higher bit of land by putting dirt or other objects on another piece of land. Agriculture helped the Maya grow food for their hungry empire. Class structure, warfare, family life, religious practices, and agriculture are all aspects of the Maya’s culture. TheShow MoreRelatedPhilosophy624 Words   |  3 Pagescritical role in ancient civilization, culture creation, and preservation in the sense that they not only bind, but also influence the societal structure, statutes, and personal lives. This paper documents the Mayan culture taking into consideration their civilization, ideologies, as well as their rituals. Civilization Factors contributing to culture creation and preservation extend from geographical to a number of patterns. 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